Post by fionalokey on Jan 29, 2016 4:48:26 GMT
Prompt: How did the effects of industrialization change the American standard of living, its class structure, and its class distinctions from 1860-1900?
Explanation: What are the effects of industrialization, and how did they catalyze specific changes in American society within the period of 1865-1900? We are being asked to examine the standard of living, and class structure and distinctions in America. We will examine the significance of the time period we are given by looking at what happened right before 1865 and what happened right after or in 1900.
Key Terms: Henry Ford, Monopolies, Immigration, Taylorism, Moving Assembly Line, Limited Liability, Urbanization, Assimilation, tenements, social gospel, urban reform movements, mail-order catalogues, leisure time, immigrant ghettos, urban parks, Jacob Reis, MLB, football
Key Dates: Occupational Health and Safety Administration Salvation Army (1879), second wave of immigration starts in 1890's, 1903 first world series, Public Health Service (1912)
Intro:
The end of the Civil war brought about an end to the institution of slavery leading to an expansion of workers moving into Industrial cities
With the second wave of immigration in the late 1800’s came numerous foreign-borns seeking work
Due to the technological advances in this time period, industrialization expanded on both a national and global as a result of increased, and more efficient, transportation (railroad and steel industry BOOOM thanks to Bessemer process and immigrant labor forces- Mostly Chinese)
Thesis: The effects of industrialization between 1865 and 1900 led to the desire to increase the standard of living in urban areas, heightened discrepancies within class structure, and the creation of high-brow and low-brow cultures.
Standard of Living:
overall increased because of the rising income of the middle class
wealthy:
live in huge mansions at the heart of the city because cheap labor→ cost of buildings were reduced
fashionable districts: 5th avenue N.Y.C., Back Bay and Beacon Hill (Boston), Society Hill (Philadelphia), Lakeshore Drive (Chicago), Nob Hill (San Francisco)
middle class:
suburbs (less money and on the the edge of the city)
connected by railroads
manorial lawns, trees, houses
poor:
rented at city centers
southern cities→ former slave quarters
Baltimore, Philadelphia→ triple deckers (three story wooden houses)
tenements (first 1850 in NYC)
bad conditions: crowded, no windows, smelly, dark, disease prone, cheap, close together, little bargaining power with landlord because of high demand for
immigrants
urban poverty encourages Public Health Service (1912), Occupational Health and Safety Administration Salvation Army (1879)
redefined leisure
more time to relax and have leisure because people are working less
city beautiful movement
chicago world fair
central park
focus on making public spaces pretty
Class Structure:
urbanization, flood of new, poorer/less-skilled immigrants and Great Migration of African Americans to north/industrial centers/cities created larger population and resulted in a transformation of class structure
immigrants were coming because they had an idea of the American rags-to-riches dream, they had seen the few (and mostly false) stories of poor farmers or laborers working their way up to becoming powerful tycoons
ethnic ghettos, although supportive of immigrant groups, impeded their economic growth - began to make up more and more of lower classes
industrial tycoons (i.e. Vanderbilt and Carnegie) controlled much of the region’s wealth specifically in their respective fields of industry (by consolidating industries and eliminating competition)
“Social Darwinism” - supported by successful businessmen bc justified their right to wealth and power
1% of American families controlled 88% of national wealth
10 million lived at poverty line
surplus of laborers gave further advantages to corporations/tycoons
Class Distinctions:
rising income as a result of increased efficiency and people had more time for leisure (ex: Henry Ford adopted assembly line, which allowed him to produce more cars per day and was able to increase wages and decrease hours)
in 1900 many people were working 60 hours a week, in 1860 it was 70 hours/week bc of more efficient work and labor unions
industry expanded globally- most workers experience pay raises
people more concerned with fashion because clothes could be mass-produced and wages increased (ex: most white-collar worker’s experience 33% wage increase )
new concept of leisure, now not considered “laziness”
as a result of increased free time, “high-brow” and “low-Brow” cultures emerge
class mixing in Central Park led to disagreements about appropriate social behavior- lower classes want to use park to play games and enjoy, upper classes want “genteel” behavior
however, creation of parks through “City Beautiful Movement” did allow for mixing of classes
major league baseball was a sport which the masses could enjoy- lower brow
upper class:
football popular because it was mostly played at elite colleges and universities
concentration of wealth as a result of corporations, give money back to fund public works
working class: baseball, saloons
Fiona, Nicole, Hannah, Lauren
Explanation: What are the effects of industrialization, and how did they catalyze specific changes in American society within the period of 1865-1900? We are being asked to examine the standard of living, and class structure and distinctions in America. We will examine the significance of the time period we are given by looking at what happened right before 1865 and what happened right after or in 1900.
Key Terms: Henry Ford, Monopolies, Immigration, Taylorism, Moving Assembly Line, Limited Liability, Urbanization, Assimilation, tenements, social gospel, urban reform movements, mail-order catalogues, leisure time, immigrant ghettos, urban parks, Jacob Reis, MLB, football
Key Dates: Occupational Health and Safety Administration Salvation Army (1879), second wave of immigration starts in 1890's, 1903 first world series, Public Health Service (1912)
Intro:
The end of the Civil war brought about an end to the institution of slavery leading to an expansion of workers moving into Industrial cities
With the second wave of immigration in the late 1800’s came numerous foreign-borns seeking work
Due to the technological advances in this time period, industrialization expanded on both a national and global as a result of increased, and more efficient, transportation (railroad and steel industry BOOOM thanks to Bessemer process and immigrant labor forces- Mostly Chinese)
Thesis: The effects of industrialization between 1865 and 1900 led to the desire to increase the standard of living in urban areas, heightened discrepancies within class structure, and the creation of high-brow and low-brow cultures.
Standard of Living:
overall increased because of the rising income of the middle class
wealthy:
live in huge mansions at the heart of the city because cheap labor→ cost of buildings were reduced
fashionable districts: 5th avenue N.Y.C., Back Bay and Beacon Hill (Boston), Society Hill (Philadelphia), Lakeshore Drive (Chicago), Nob Hill (San Francisco)
middle class:
suburbs (less money and on the the edge of the city)
connected by railroads
manorial lawns, trees, houses
poor:
rented at city centers
southern cities→ former slave quarters
Baltimore, Philadelphia→ triple deckers (three story wooden houses)
tenements (first 1850 in NYC)
bad conditions: crowded, no windows, smelly, dark, disease prone, cheap, close together, little bargaining power with landlord because of high demand for
immigrants
urban poverty encourages Public Health Service (1912), Occupational Health and Safety Administration Salvation Army (1879)
redefined leisure
more time to relax and have leisure because people are working less
city beautiful movement
chicago world fair
central park
focus on making public spaces pretty
Class Structure:
urbanization, flood of new, poorer/less-skilled immigrants and Great Migration of African Americans to north/industrial centers/cities created larger population and resulted in a transformation of class structure
immigrants were coming because they had an idea of the American rags-to-riches dream, they had seen the few (and mostly false) stories of poor farmers or laborers working their way up to becoming powerful tycoons
ethnic ghettos, although supportive of immigrant groups, impeded their economic growth - began to make up more and more of lower classes
industrial tycoons (i.e. Vanderbilt and Carnegie) controlled much of the region’s wealth specifically in their respective fields of industry (by consolidating industries and eliminating competition)
“Social Darwinism” - supported by successful businessmen bc justified their right to wealth and power
1% of American families controlled 88% of national wealth
10 million lived at poverty line
surplus of laborers gave further advantages to corporations/tycoons
Class Distinctions:
rising income as a result of increased efficiency and people had more time for leisure (ex: Henry Ford adopted assembly line, which allowed him to produce more cars per day and was able to increase wages and decrease hours)
in 1900 many people were working 60 hours a week, in 1860 it was 70 hours/week bc of more efficient work and labor unions
industry expanded globally- most workers experience pay raises
people more concerned with fashion because clothes could be mass-produced and wages increased (ex: most white-collar worker’s experience 33% wage increase )
new concept of leisure, now not considered “laziness”
as a result of increased free time, “high-brow” and “low-Brow” cultures emerge
class mixing in Central Park led to disagreements about appropriate social behavior- lower classes want to use park to play games and enjoy, upper classes want “genteel” behavior
however, creation of parks through “City Beautiful Movement” did allow for mixing of classes
major league baseball was a sport which the masses could enjoy- lower brow
upper class:
football popular because it was mostly played at elite colleges and universities
concentration of wealth as a result of corporations, give money back to fund public works
working class: baseball, saloons
Fiona, Nicole, Hannah, Lauren